MOORE, Circuit Judge.
Triton Tech of Texas, LLC ("Triton") appeals from the district court's judgment that the means-plus-function term "integrator means" renders the asserted claims of Triton's U.S. Patent No. 5,181,181 invalid for indefiniteness. We affirm.
Triton sued Nintendo of America, Inc. ("Nintendo"), alleging that the Wii Remote TM used in combination with a related accessory infringes the `181 patent. The `181 patent is directed to an input device for a computer. `181 patent col. 1 ll. 9-10.
The input device includes components for determining its position, attitude, and motion. In the preferred embodiment, these components include three accelerometers and three rotational rate sensors for measuring linear acceleration along, and rotational velocity about, three orthogonal axes. Id. col. 3 ll. 3-29, Fig. 1(d). The preferred embodiment also includes a conventional microprocessor that is programmed to periodically read and numerically integrate over time digitized acceleration and rotational rate values to calculate the position, attitude, and motion values for the input device. Id. col. 7 ll. 15-25. The `181 patent does not further explain how the numerical integration is performed, only that it is performed in a "conventional manner." Id. col. 10 ll. 7-9. The input device then outputs these values to the computer to facilitate the user's interaction with the computer. Id. col. 11 ll. 14-42.
Claim 4 is representative of the asserted claims:
Id. col. 12 l. 42 — col. 13 l. 15 (emphases added).
Each asserted claim recites an "integrator means." The district court held that this term rendered the asserted claims indefinite. Triton Tech of Texas, LLC v. Nintendo of Am., Inc., C.A. No. 13-cv-0157 (W.D. Wash. June 4, 2013), ECF No. 153 ("Claim Construction Order"). It determined that the corresponding structure for performing the recited integrating function was a "conventional microprocessor having a suitably programmed read-only memory." Id. at 14. It found that the `181 patent did not disclose any algorithm for performing the recited integrating function. Id. at 15-16. It noted that the `181 patent broadly discloses using "numerical integration," but determined that this alone was not a sufficient disclosure because "`[n]umerical integration'... is not a single algorithm, but
We review de novo a district court's decision regarding indefiniteness. Function Media, L.L.C. v. Google Inc., 708 F.3d 1310, 1316 (Fed.Cir.2013). Section 112 ¶ 6 allows a patentee to express an element of a claim as a means for performing a specified function. 35 U.S.C. § 112 ¶ 6 (2006). In exchange for using this form of claiming, the patent specification must disclose with sufficient particularity the corresponding structure for performing the claimed function and clearly link that structure to the function. Ibormeith IP, LLC v. Mercedes-Benz USA, LLC, 732 F.3d 1376, 1379 (Fed.Cir.2013). If the function is performed by a general purpose computer or microprocessor, then the specification must also disclose the algorithm that the computer performs to accomplish that function. Aristocrat, 521 F.3d at 1333. Failure to disclose the corresponding algorithm for a computer-implemented means-plus-function term renders the claim indefinite. Ergo Licensing LLC v. CareFusion 303, Inc., 673 F.3d 1361, 1363 (Fed.Cir.2012).
Triton concedes that the structure corresponding to "integrator means" is a conventional microprocessor, and contends that the `181 patent discloses an algorithm for performing the integrating function with enough specificity to render the claims discernible to a person of ordinary skill. First, Triton argues that merely using the phrase "numerical integration" is sufficient disclosure of an algorithm because numerical integration was well known to those skilled in the art. Second, Triton argues that the `181 patent discloses a two-step algorithm for accomplishing the integrating function: (1) sampling measured values over time and (2) accumulating by continuously summing areas defined by the sampled values. Triton asserts that the `181 patent discloses the sampling step as acquiring instantaneous values from the different sensors, formatting them to digital values, and then storing them for further processing. Appellant's Br. 20-21 (citing `181 patent col. 3 ll. 30-38, col. 9 ll. 2-6, 28-37, 49-59). Triton contends that the `181 patent discloses the accumulating step as "clearing all numeric integration accumulators" and continually performing numerical integration to compute the position and attitude values. Id. at 21-22 (citing `181 patent col. 7 l. 65 — col. 8 l. 3, col. 10 ll. 51-62, col. 7 ll. 21-36, col. 8 ll. 11-12).
We affirm the district court's determination that the asserted claims of the `181 patent are indefinite because the specification does not disclose an algorithm for performing the claimed integrating function of the "integrator means." It is certainly true that an algorithm can be expressed in many forms, including flow charts, a series of specific steps, mathematical formula, prose, and so on. Finisar Corp. v. DirecTV Grp., Inc., 523 F.3d 1323, 1340 (Fed.Cir.2008). However, merely using the term "numerical integration" does
The fact that various numerical integration algorithms may have been known to one of ordinary skill in the art does not rescue the claims. "[A] bare statement that known techniques or methods can be used does not disclose structure." Biomedino, LLC v. Waters Techs. Corp., 490 F.3d 946, 953 (Fed.Cir.2007); see also ePlus, Inc. v. Lawson Software, Inc., 700 F.3d 509, 519 (Fed.Cir.2012). The district court correctly recognized that "[a]lthough a person of skill in the art might be able to choose an appropriate numerical integration algorithm and program it onto a microprocessor, the [p]atent discloses no algorithm at all." Claim Construction Order at 16. We thus conclude that the district court correctly found that the `181 patent's disclosure of "numerical integration" does not satisfy the disclosure requirement of section 112 ¶ 6; "numerical integration" is not an algorithm.
We hold that Triton has waived its second argument that the `181 patent discloses a two-step algorithm that consists of sampling and accumulating. Triton did not make this argument to the district court. Instead, it argued that the corresponding structure for "integrator means" is a conventional microprocessor "that performs integration." Plaintiff's Opening Claim Construction Brief, Triton Tech of Texas, LLC v. Nintendo of Am. Inc., No. 10-cv-328, at 14 (E.D.Tex. Nov. 30, 2012), ECF No. 115.
To the extent that Triton now argues that one of skill in the art would have understood the bare disclosure of "numerical integration" as disclosing a particular two-step algorithm, we find that it also waived that argument. Triton argued to the district court that "numerical integration describes the ways in which a numerical value is reached from ... integration," that "the method of numerical integration would [have been] obvious" and that the specification disclosed "numerical integration" such that "one of ordinary skill in the art could identify a preferred
In exchange for expressing "integrator means" as a means-plus-function term, Triton was required to disclose an algorithm for performing the claimed integrating function. Because it did not do so, the asserted claims are indefinite.
We affirm the district court's judgment that the asserted claims of the `181 patent are invalid for indefiniteness.